WILLIAMSTOWN, Mass. — The first thing David Weathers
thought when his parents dropped him off at Williams College freshman
orientation was, "Damn, I'm really on my own now." People didn't
understand the slang of his working-class Chicago suburb. Lots of
students came from "big, powerhouse private schools." Many of his
football teammates didn't think $400 cleats were expensive.
But as the weeks went on, he fell in love
with the school. He formed a brotherhood with his teammates and bonded
with other freshmen in his dorm. Everywhere he turned, administrators
were checking in with him, asking if he had questions, pointing him
toward seemingly endless resources.
"This place treats their students right," he said.
Yet a month into the school year, Weathers
faces a problem big enough to distract him from studying and give his
father an ulcer: An outstanding bill of $42,300.
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Yale University buildings, New Haven, CT
Weathers, who graduated at the top of his class at a
charter school on Chicago's South Side, is the first in his family to
attend a four-year college—a beacon of upward mobility for people with
deep roots in the working class. But unlike many first-generation
students, his family has made a comfortable income in the last few
years. In 2013, after a career spent clawing his way up through the
music industry, Weathers' father made $175,000 as a regional production
director for Live Nation Entertainment. Despite a six-figure income, the
family of six isn't exactly rich. After expenses, there's not enough
left to build a college fund that could cover four years of an elite
education, and there's no wealthy relative picking up the slack.
But according to Weathers' award letter from
Williams, $175,000 a year means his family should contribute nearly a
third of its post-tax income to their son's education.
In the last few years, more colleges and
universities have pledged to tackle the problem of
"undermatching"—recruiting high-achieving, low-income kids to apply to
the Ivy Leagues and other elite institutions who have enough endowment
to provide free rides to needy students. Some schools, including
Williams, have been putting their money where their mouths are; 18
percent of Williams students now pay no tuition at all. To offset the
cost, these schools often aggressively recruit students whose families
can pay the full cost of attending—more than $60,000 a year at most top
private colleges.
That often leaves students like Weathers
forced to choose between taking out a huge number of loans and nearly
bankrupting their families.
At expensive, elite institutions whose
financial aid is need-based, not merit-based, "you basically don't have
the middle class anymore," said Elizabeth Armstrong, co-author of
"Paying for the Party: How College Maintains Inequality." Three-quarters
of the students are in the top quartile of income, "and then there are
poor students, and almost none in between."
"Middle class" can encompass a range of incomes; the
median income in the United States is $64,000. Jim Kolesar, Williams'
vice-president of public affairs, says current students from families
with incomes between $60,000 and $68,000 are paying an average of about
$6,000 per year. Although he wouldn't comment on Weathers' specific
situation, he asserted a case like this was "highly unusual." Indeed,
Williams has the fifth highest endowment of any liberal arts school in
the country, and the average amount of debt for a Williams graduate is
only $12,474. Williams does better than most in terms of recruiting and
providing for low-income students.
Still, Weathers' quandary shines a spotlight
on just how expensive an elite college education is, even for a
striving, upper middle-class family—and whether it's worth it. Weathers
may have been able to graduate debt-free from the University of
Illinois, which regularly awards merit scholarships. But shouldn't a
black, male valedictorian from the south side of Chicago go to America's
number-one ranked liberal arts school if he has the chance?
On paper, a $175,000 annual income seems like a
lot. But Chris Weathers, David's father and the sole earner in his
family, insists he lives paycheck to paycheck.
"I have a modest house," he said. "Two cars. Four
children, a wife, two grandchildren. Two of my [adult] daughters have
struggled to find decent-paying jobs…so I help them out. I'm not running
up any credit cards."
Chris Weathers' six-figure salary is relatively
new, and as soon as he started doing well in the music industry, he
needed to erase a decade's worth of debt instead of start a college
fund. "My parents are working-class," he said. "We don't have that
family money."
Student loan debt now totals more than $1.2
trillion. Senator Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.), discusses the student loan
crisis as she prepares an upcoming bill proposal which would refinance
current loans and bring down monthly payments. "Student loan
debt is crushing individuals, and a drag on the economy," she
says.
In other words, there's a difference between income and
wealth. Making a decent salary doesn't guarantee that a family will be
able to pay for college. And in a difficult economy, the numbers on a
student's Free Application for Federal Student Aid may not tell the
whole story.
"The FAFSA formulas just don't work out very
well," Armstrong said. It doesn't take into account a household's
expenses, geographic location, or obligations to non-minor children.
"The vast majority of Americans are nowhere close to being able to
manage this situation comfortably."
David is the youngest of four Weathers children.
The family had high hopes for him when he started at Johnson College
Prep, a charter high school in a low-income area. The school emphasized
higher education and walked him through the college application process.
Around the same time, a counselor from the Chicago chapter of Kappa
League, a national organization that provides mentorship to black, male
youth, took Weathers under his wing, too. Over the next four years, he
got excellent grades, joined mock trial and the football team, and got a
32 on his ACT.
When senior year rolled around, Weathers didn't even apply to safety schools.
"My whole preconceived notion about college was that
if you do good in school, you get scholarships," he said.
In April, he got into Pomona College, Notre Dame,
Northwestern, Grinnell College, University of Washington in St. Louis,
University of Southern California, and Williams College—all prestigious
institutions. Notre Dame was hinting at a generous financial aid
package, but the clear choice, rank-wise, was Williams. His advisor from
Kappa League said he'd get much more personal attention there than at a
big university. So without worrying about the money, Weathers resolved
to enroll at Williams—even after his family received their award letter
from the school on April 30, 2014. They learned that although Williams
had given Weathers $15,320 in grants, his "estimated family
contribution" would be $42,300, far more than Chris Weathers says he can
afford.
"If I were to pay that amount of money today, I would be flat broke," he said.
At that point in the admissions process, a legacy
of attending college or being surrounded by college-educated people may
have helped Weathers' family. Savvy parents often pit one elite school
against another, trying to negotiate a better financial aid package. Or
the family could have applied to the University of Illinois' smaller
honors college for standout students.
The family didn't know any of that. Navigating the
financial aspect of college, which Chris Weathers called "a
never-ending loop," can be a mind-boggling process, even for
highly-educated parents. Armstrong mentioned that even though she'd
written a book about college, knew many admissions officers, and grew up
with a professor as a father, she was "baffled and befuddled by the
money and the logistics. It's almost impossible to navigate well."
Still, Weathers reassured his family, who didn't
know much about applying for loans, that it would all work out. April
turned into summer, which dragged into fall, and on the first day of
school, Weathers still hadn't gotten the loans he needed. He said he
applied to scholarships, but they were all need-based. So now, weeks
after school has started, he's scrambling to get a loan, while his
father has applied to refinance his home. The first time Weathers went
to the financial aid office to see if he could improve his package, he
said a school official suggested he look into transfer options.
"That was really discouraging," he said. "I was
like, 'I got accepted here for a reason. I'm not leaving'…I didn't think
I'd go broke trying to go to school."
But some would say the financial aid officer had a
point. If, hypothetically, his financial package stays the same for
four years, Weathers will be staring down nearly $170,000 in debt.
Michael Fabricant, a Hunter College professor and author of Organizing
for Educational Justice, says going to a public university allows a
middle-class student "to sidestep all that debt. There's a real power in
being able to build a life right out of college without worry about
student loans." Debt requires a graduate to immediately seek out a few
high-paying industries, like finance, rather than "engag[ing] in
experimentation he or she would otherwise be able to."
A well-known Brookings Institution study by Stacy
Dale and Alan Kreuger found that for the majority of students, the most
important factor in long-term success is whether one earns a Bachelor's
degree, not where it's earned. But the study made an exception for
low-income and first-generation college students. In those cases, the
networks and personal attention the students have access to in elite
colleges make all the difference. At a big, impersonal university, said
Fabricant, "you don't forge relationships with people whose families are
affluent and have vast networks." First-generation students can do well
in state schools, but their upward mobility "may be far slower." These
students are 13 percent more likely to graduate in six years from a
private institution than a public one.
"If you want to join the leadership class in
American society, you're better off staying at a place like Williams,"
said Richard Kahlenberg, senior fellow at the Century Foundation. "Look
at where our Supreme Court justices have gone. Look at our last few
presidents."
Weathers loves Williams because of the
"super-intelligent people" surrounding him. He wants to be a lawyer or a
neurologist, although he has the disposition for politics—he can't walk
10 feet on campus without running into someone he knows. Everyone seems
to want to be friends with him. On a typical afternoon in his dorm, his
hall mates will knock on his door to come hang in his unusually
spacious corner room, outfitted with a lava lamp and hang-a-round chair.
Weathers said he's already struck up a rapport
with the professors who teach his classes, two of which have fewer than
30 students. And before classes started, Weathers benefited from a
pre-orientation program devoted to first-generation college students,
meant to soften the blow of culture shock.
"It's an invisible identity," said Rosanna Reyes,
an associate dean at Williams and a first-generation student herself.
"It's easier to get lost…bigger schools don't have the ability to devote
so much energy to helping these students."
Programs like Williams' pre-orientation are
becoming more common, and to their credit, many institutions, regardless
of endowment, are making sure they set aside funds for low-income
students. But where does that leave families like the Weatherses?
"The middle class gets squeezed," said Kahlenberg.
Lots of colleges have yet to recognize that "not just the poorest are
in need."
Muharrem Oner | Getty Images
But the deeper issue, said Fabricant, is the nation's
unwillingness to invest in public education. "The government has
completely eviscerated funding that would allow a middle class or
low-income student to cushion himself from debt," he said. Fifty or 60
years ago, a kid like Weathers could have gone to a state university for
free. Now, he's taking a huge risk on his financial future that almost
amounts to an "individual speculative bubble."
Chris Weathers remembers balking at the price of
University of Illinois—up to $35,000 for in-state tuition, room, and
board. But now he regrets overlooking that option.
"In hindsight, I should have told David [that
Williams was] just not gonna happen," he said. "Because of the high
emotion, there wasn't enough logistical reasoning being done."
As for David, the daunting price tag doesn't seem
to phase him. He's focused on completing a world-class education at all
costs.
"If I just work hard and do my part now," he said, "ultimately I think I will come out on top."
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